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This gene produces alternative transcripts encoding two distinct proteins. One protein is a transcriptional repressor, while the other isoform is a major component of specialized synapses known as synaptic ribbons. Both proteins contain a NAD+ binding domain similar to NAD+-dependent 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. A portion of the 3' untranslated region was used to map this gene to chromosome 21q21.3; however, it was noted that similar loci elsewhere in the genome are likely. Blast analysis sho

Metastasis of a primary tumor to a distant site is determined through signaling cascades that break down interactions between the cell and extracellular matrix proteins. Among the proteins mediating metastasis are serine prote-ases, such as neutrophil elastase.SCCA is transcribed by two nearly identical genes (SCCA1 and SCCA2), and is mainly produced as SCCA1. The human SCCA1 gene encodes a 390 amino acid protein that was originally isolated from a metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins

HLA-DRB4 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta (DRB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the l

Themis is a 641 amino acid nuclear and cytoplasmic protein that exists as three alternatively spliced isoforms. Themis belongs to the themis family and interacts with PLC γ1, Emt and GRB2. Acting through T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling and through the regulation of calcium influx and phosphorylation of ERK 1, Themis plays a central role in late thymocyte development by controlling both positive and negative T-cell selection. Themis is phosphorylated on Tyr residues quickly after